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Psychology Abstract Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS is an effective and well tolerable biological intervention in major depressive disorder MDD contributing to rapid symptom improvement. Molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of rTMS have still not been clarified. Recently published animal data implicated relevant associations with changes in endocannabinoid eCB brain levels during rTMS treatment, human studies, however, have not been published. In our study we assessed the detailed phenotypic spectrum of MDD and serum 2-arachidnoylglycerol 2-AG and anandamide AEA levels in 18 patients with treatment-resistant depression before, immediately following, and two weeks after completion of a day rTMS treatment. We found significant associations between serum 2-AG level changes from pretreatment to 2 weeks after treatment and symptom reduction. Here we report for the first time a significant association of human circulating eCB and antidepressant effect of rTMS. Our data may indicate that direct stimulation of targeted brain areas can rapidly alleviate depressive complaints via activation of the eCB system. Download PDF Introduction Major depressive disorder MDD is one of the major contributors of disability adjustable life years in developed countries and it heavily burdens the health care system significantly increasing its expenses 1. Suicide, the most serious complication of MDD, is the second most prevalent cause of death among individuals aged 15—26 years 2. Peripartum Depression Research Paper

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Natality, — expanded results. Screening for traumatic stress: A scale for use in the general population1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20 20 , — Women—healthy people health. Heathy People Demographic and economic profiles of hispanics by state and county, Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center Hispanic Trends. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Robbins, C.

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Postpartum Blues vs. Postpartum Depression

Stillbirth A baby with a genetic disorder or other birth defects Teenage Pregnancy: A teenage mother is at a greater risk for having Peripartum Depression Research Paper complications including anemia, and high blood pressure. These risks are even greater for Peripartum Depression Research Paper under age Infants born to teenage mothers have a higher risk for being premature and having low birthweight or other serious health problems. Premature and low birthweight babies may have organs that are not fully developed which can result in breathing problems, bleeding in the brain, vision loss, and serious intestinal problems. Again, the risk is highest for babies of mothers under age Papre for these health issues include that teenagers are the least likely of all age groups to get early and regular prenatal care.

Additionally, they may engage in negative behaviors including eating unhealthy food, smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking drugs. Additional concerns for teenagers are repeat births. Gestational Diabetes: Seven percent of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes March of Dimes, b. Diabetes is Peripatum condition where the body has too much glucose in the bloodstream.

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Most pregnant women have their glucose level tested at 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after the mother gives birth, but it might indicate a risk for developing diabetes later in life. If untreated, gestational diabetes can cause premature birth, stillbirth, the baby having breathing problems at birth, jaundice, or low blood sugar.

Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes can also be considerably heavier more than 9 pounds making the labor and birth process more difficult. For expectant mothers, untreated gestational diabetes can cause preeclampsia high blood pressure and signs that the liver and kidneys may not be working properly discussed later in the chapter. Risk factors Peripartum Depression Research Paper gestational diabetes include age being over age 25 link, being overweight or gaining too much weight during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, having had gestational diabetes with a prior pregnancy, and race and ethnicity African-American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian, or Pacific Islander have a higher risk.

Eating healthy and maintaining Peripartum Depression Research Paper healthy weight during pregnancy can reduce the chance of gestational diabetes. Women who already have diabetes and become pregnant need to attend all their prenatal care visits, and follow the same advice as those for women with gestational diabetes as the risk of preeclampsia, premature birth, birth defects, and stillbirth are the same. High Blood Pressure Hypertension : Hypertension is a condition in which the pressure against the wall of the arteries becomes too high. There are two types of high blood pressure during pregnancy, gestational and chronic.

Prenatal Development

Gestational hypertension only occurs during pregnancy and goes away after birth. Chronic high blood pressure refers to women who already had hypertension Peripartum Depression Research Paper the pregnancy or to those who developed it during pregnancy and it continued after birth. According to the March of Dimes c about 8 in every pregnant women have high blood pressure. High blood pressure during pregnancy can cause premature birth and low birth weight under five and a half poundsplacental abruption, and mothers can develop preeclampsia.

Rh Disease: Rh is a protein found in the blood. Most people are Rh positive, meaning they have this protein.

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Some people are Rh negative, meaning this protein is absent. Mothers who are Rh negative are at risk of having a baby with a form of anemia called Rh disease March of Dimes, A father who is Rh-positive and mother who is Rh-negative can conceive a baby who is Rh-positive. The immune system starts to produce antibodies to fight off what it thinks is a foreign invader.]

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