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Epistemologists study the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justificationthe rationality of beliefand various related issues. Epistemology is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with ethicslogicand metaphysics. Debates in epistemology are generally clustered around four core areas: [2] [3] [4]. In these debates and others, epistemology aims to answer questions such as "What do we know?
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The word "epistemology" first appeared inin a review in New York's Eclectic Magazine. It was first used as a translation of the word Wissenschaftslehre as it appears in a philosophical novel by German author Jean Paul :.
The title of one of the principal works of Fichte is 'Wissenschaftslehre,' which, after the analogy of technology The word "epistemology" was properly introduced into Anglophone philosophical literature by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier inwho used it in his Institutes of Metaphysics :. This Researdh of the science is properly termed the Epistemology—the doctrine or theory of knowing, just as ontology is the science of being It answers the general question, 'What is knowing and the known?
The concept of "epistemology" as a distinct field of inquiry predates the introduction of the term into the lexicon of philosophy. John Lockefor instance, described his efforts in Essay Concerning Human Understanding as an inquiry "into the original, certainty, and extent of human knowledge, together with the grounds and degrees of belief, opinion, and assent". While it was not until the modern era that epistemology was first recognized as a http://rmt.edu.pk/nv/custom/evaluating-the-limitations-of-market-research/informative-essay-recent-politics-in-sports.php philosophical discipline which addresses a well-defined set of questions, almost every major historical philosopher has considered questions about what we know and how we know it.
During the subsequent Hellenistic periodphilosophical schools began to appear which had a greater focus on epistemological questions, often in the form of philosophical skepticism.
Pyrrhonism was particularly concerned with undermining the epistemological dogmas of Stoicism and Epicureanism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation.
They were specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. After the ancient philosophical era but before the modern philosophical era, a number of Medieval philosophers also engaged with epistemological questions at length. 2.2 Explain The Principles Of Effective Communication Research of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, logicians and mystics Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali wrote over 70 books, including his best-known work in CE, his spiritual autobiography, "Deliverance from Error" Al-Munqidh min al-Dalal. In this book Al-Ghazali was seeking to know what we can be certain about: what is true knowledge and not just opinion?
To accomplish this goal, he would first consider what kinds of things we can know. This involves a study of epistemology, the theory of knowledge. According to some scholars, this dispute was resolved in the late 18th century by Immanuel Kantwhose transcendental idealism famously made room for the view that "though all our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means click to see more that all [knowledge] arises out of experience".
There are a number of different methods that scholars use when trying to understand the relationship between historical epistemology and contemporary epistemology. One of the most contentious questions is this: "Should we assume that the problems of epistemology are http://rmt.edu.pk/nv/custom/evaluating-the-limitations-of-market-research/evidence-based-practice-in-physical-therapy.php, and that trying to reconstruct and evaluate Plato's or Hume's or Kant's arguments is meaningful for current debates, too?]
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