Research Paper About Corruption In The Philippines
Related History Q&A
Forms[ edit ] Photo of cash found in Congressman William J. One must be careful of differing social and cultural norms when examining bribery. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political campaign contributions in the form of cash, for example, are considered criminal acts of bribery in some countries, while in the United States, provided they adhere to election law, are legal. Tippingfor example, is considered bribery in some societies, while in others the two concepts may not be interchangeable. In some Spanish-speaking countries, bribes are referred to as "mordida" literally, "bite". In Arab countries, bribes may be called baksheesh a tip, gift, or gratuity or "shay" literally, "tea".
French-speaking countries often use the expressions "dessous-de-table" "under-the-table" commissions"pot-de-vin" literally, "wine-pot"or "commission occulte" "secret commission" or "kickback". While the last two expressions contain inherently a negative connotation, the expression "dessous-de-table" can be often understood as a Researcy accepted business practice. In German, the common term is Schmiergeld "smoothing money". The offence may be divided into two great classes: the one, where a person invested source power is induced by payment to use it unjustly; the other, where power is obtained by purchasing the suffrages of those who can impart it.
Likewise, the briber might hold a powerful role Phililpines control the transaction; or in other cases, a bribe may be effectively extracted from the person paying it, although this is better known as extortion. The forms that bribery take are numerous. For example, a motorist might bribe a police officer not to issue a ticket for speeding, a citizen seeking paperwork or utility line connections might bribe a functionary for faster service.
Navigation menu
Bribery may also take the form of a secret commissiona profit made by an agent, in the course of his employment, without the knowledge of his principal. Euphemisms abound for this commission, sweetener, kick-back etc. Bribers and recipients of bribery are likewise numerous although bribers have one common denominator and that is the financial ability to bribe. From a legal point of view, active bribery can be defined for instance as the promising, offering or giving by any person, directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage [to any public official], for himself or herself or for anyone else, for him or her to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions.
Research Paper About Corruption In The Philippines bribery can be defined as the request or receipt [by any public http://rmt.edu.pk/nv/custom/due-to-the-transaction-costs-being-lower/how-did-general-ulysses-s-grant-impact-the-civil-war.php, directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage, for himself or herself or for anyone else, or the acceptance of an offer or a promise of such an advantage, to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions article 3 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption ETS The reason for this dissociation is to make the early steps offering, promising, requesting an advantage of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal from a criminal Research Paper About Corruption In The Philippines point of view that bribery is not acceptable.
Besides, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal.
Besides, there is often no such formal deal but only Research Paper About Corruption In The Philippines mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to Anout decision maker to obtain a favourable decision. When examining the fact of bribe taking, we primarily need to understand that any action is affected by various elements; in addition, all these elements are interrelated. For instance, it would be wrong to indicate that the bribe-taker's motive is greediness as such, without examining causes of appearance of greediness in the personality of the particular bribe-taker. Largely, it is possible to confine oneself Philosophy Reflection Paper Teaching the motive of greediness only in case if a bribe-taker tries to satisfy the primary physical needs.
Yet, if money serves to satisfy secondary — psychological — needs, we should Philpipines for deeper motives of bribe taking. United States law is particularly strict in limiting the ability of businesses to pay for the awarding of contracts by foreign governments; however, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act contains an exception for "grease payments"; very basically, this allows payments to officials in order to obtain the performance of ministerial acts which they are legally required to do, but may delay in the absence of such payment.
Expert Answer
In some countries, this practice is the norm, often resulting from a developing nation not having the tax structure to pay civil servants an adequate salary. Nevertheless, most economists regard bribery as a bad thing because it encourages rent seeking behaviour.
A state where bribery has link a way of life is a kleptocracy.]
I think, what is it — a lie.
Exclusive delirium, in my opinion
I think, that you are not right. Let's discuss it. Write to me in PM, we will talk.
On your place I would address for the help to a moderator.
In my opinion you are mistaken. I can prove it. Write to me in PM, we will discuss.